Anyone who has ever tried to put on a plaster when their skin is damp knows that it can be frustrating. Wet skin is not the only challenge for medical adhesives – the human body is full of blood, serum and other fluids that complicate the repair of numerous internal injuries. Many of the adhesive products used today are toxic to cells, inflexible when they dry and do not bind strongly to biological tissue.
A team of researchers from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) has created a super-strong ‘tough adhesive’ that is biocompatible and binds to tissues with a strength comparable to the body's own resilient cartilage, even when they are wet.
"The key feature of our material is the combination of a very strong adhesive force and the ability to transfer and dissipate stress, which have historically not been integrated into a single adhesive," said corresponding author Dave Mooney PhD, who is a founding core faculty member at the Wyss Institute and the Robert P. Pinkas family professor of bioengineering at SEAS. The research is reported in Science.
When first author Jianyu Li, PhD (former postdoctoral fellow at the Wyss Institute and now an assistant professor at McGill University) started thinking about how to improve medical adhesives, he found a solution in an unlikely place: a slug. The 'dusky arion' (Arion subfuscus) slug, common in Europe and parts of the United States, secretes a special kind of mucus when threatened that glues it in place, making it difficult for a predator to pry it off its surface.
This glue was previously determined to be composed of a tough matrix peppered with positively charged proteins, which inspired Li and his colleagues to create a double-layered hydrogel consisting of an alginate-polyacrylamide matrix supporting an adhesive layer that has positively-charged polymers protruding from its surface.
The polymers bond to biological tissues via three mechanisms – electrostatic attraction to negatively charged cell surfaces, covalent bonds between neighboring atoms and physical interpenetration – making the adhesive extremely strong. But the matrix layer is equally important, said Li: "Most prior material designs have focused only on the interface between the tissue and the adhesive. Our adhesive is able to dissipate energy through its matrix layer, which enables it to deform much more before it breaks."
The team's design for the matrix layer includes calcium ions that are bound to the alginate hydrogel via ionic bonds. When stress is applied to the adhesive, those ‘sacrificial’ ionic bonds break first, allowing the matrix to absorb a large amount of energy before its structure becomes compromised.
Testing the tough adhesive’s bonding
In experimental tests, more than three times the energy was needed to disrupt the tough adhesive's bonding compared with other medical-grade adhesives and, when it did break, what failed was the hydrogel itself, not the bond between the adhesive and the tissue, demonstrating an unprecedented level of simultaneous high adhesion strength and matrix toughness.
The researchers tested their adhesive on a variety of both dry and wet pig tissues including skin, cartilage, heart, artery and liver, and found that it bound to all of them with significantly greater strength than other medical adhesives. The tough adhesive also maintained its stability and bonding when implanted into rats for two weeks, or when used to seal a hole in a pig heart that was mechanically inflated and deflated and then subjected to tens of thousands of cycles of stretching.
Additionally, it caused no tissue damage or adhesions to surrounding tissues when applied to a liver haemorrhage in mice – side effects that were observed with both super glue and a commercial thrombin-based adhesive.
Such a high-performance material has numerous potential applications in the medical field, either as a patch that can be cut to desired sizes and applied to tissue surfaces or as an injectable solution for deeper injuries. It can also be used to attach medical devices to their target structures, such as an actuator to support heart function. "This family of tough adhesives has wide-ranging applications," says co-author Adam Celiz, PhD, who is now a lecturer at the Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London.
"We can make these adhesives out of biodegradable materials, so they decompose once they've served their purpose. We could even combine this technology with soft robotics to make sticky robots, or with pharmaceuticals to make a new vehicle for drug delivery,” he said.
"Nature has frequently already found elegant solutions to common problems; it's a matter of knowing where to look and recognising a good idea when you see one," said Wyss founding director Donald Ingber, who is also the Judah Folkman professor of vascular biology at Harvard Medical School and the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital, as well as a Professor of Bioengineering at Harvard SEAS.
"We’re excited to see how this technology, inspired by a humble slug, might develop into a new technology for surgical repair and wound healing,” he added.
Reference:
J. Li, A. D. Celiz, J. Yang, Q. Yang, I. Wamala, W. Whyte, B. R. Seo, N. V. Vasilyev, J. J. Vlassak, Z. Suo, D. J. Mooney. 'Tough adhesives for diverse wet surfaces.'
Science, 2017; 357 (6349): 378 DOI:
10.1126/science.aah6362
Additional contributors to this work include co-first author Jiawei Yang PhD, research assistant at SEAS; Qing Yang, PhD, associate professor of environmental science and engineering at Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Isaac Wamala MD, research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital; William Whyte, research fellow at the Wyss Institute and SEAS; Bo Ri Seo PhD, postdoctoral fellow at the Wyss Institute and SEAS; Nikolay V. Vasilyev MD, assistant professor of surgery and research scientist at Boston Children’s Hospital; Joost J. Vlassak PhD, Abbott and James Lawrence professor of materials engineering at SEAS; and Zhigang Suo PhD, Allen E. and Marilyn M. Puckett professor of mechanics and materials at SEAS.