As highlighted in a Pointwise article back in 2013, one could be forgiven for thinking structured grids are almost entirely redundant in today's unstructured or hybrid meshing world. However, the article rightly pointed out a number of reasons why things may not be quite as they seem, and that both grid types warrant careful consideration. As one of the most critical aspects of solving problems through computational fluid dynamics (CFD), appropriate mesh generation is essential for an accurate solution, faster convergence, and reduction of numerical diffusion. Four years on, we revisit this essential topic, assessing how best to determine mesh quality, clarifying grid classification and discussing the many advantages of structured meshing.

Assessing mesh quality

Before proceeding with our discussions on structured vs unstructured meshes, it is firstly important to understand how to determine mesh quality, in order to truly quantify pros and cons of grid types. One should consider the following important factors:
  • Better mesh quality increases convergence rate Poorly formed meshes introduce numerical error, increasing the computational effort required for convergence. For especially poor elements the numerical order may be locally reduced to promote convergence and stability or, even worse, the solution may fail to converge entirely;
  • Better mesh quality results in a more precise solution A good example of this is one's ability to refine the mesh at certain areas of the geometry where the gradients are high, thus increasing the fidelity of solutions in the region. If a mesh is not refined sufficiently, then the solution precision may be limited;
  • While undesirable, CPU time is a necessary consideration For a highly refined mesh, where the number of cells per unit area is maximum, the CPU (central processing unit) time – or process time – required will be relatively large.

Grid classification

Structured – identified by regular connectivity, the possible element choices are quadrilateral in 2D and hexahedra in 3D. This model is highly space efficient, i.e. since the neighborhood relationships are defined by storage arrangement. Unstructured – an unstructured grid is identified by irregular connectivity. It cannot easily be expressed as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional array in computer memory. These grids typically employ triangles in 2D and tetrahedra in 3D although quadrilateral and hexahedra may also be present. Hybrid – a hybrid grid contains a mixture of structured portions and unstructured portions. It integrates the structured meshes and the unstructured meshes in an efficient manner. Those parts of the geometry that are regular can have structured grids and those that are complex can have unstructured grids.

Structured grids (vs unstructured and hybrid)

1) Higher degree of quality and control This is arguably an area where structured grids will always reign supreme. Unstructured and hybrid meshing algorithms are highly automated, and as a result, engineers have to sacrifice control. With structured grids, a higher degree of control means you can produce precisely the grid you require. Structured meshing typically allows the user better control of interior node locations and sizes as interior node placement is directly linked to the user-defined exterior nodes. 2) Better alignment = better convergence Typically speaking, structured grids are typically aligned in the flow direction leading to more accurate results and a better convergence in CFD solvers. Alignment in a structured grid is achieved almost implicitly because grid lines and flow follow the contours of the geometry, whereas there's no such alignment in an unstructured mesh. 3) Less computational memory required and less time taken Unstructured grids require large computational memory for storing elements, nodes, and a connectivity table to link them. The structured mesh, on the other hand, does not need the storage of any connectivity table as the mesh is defined according to a specified pattern. As a result, CFD computation time is also reduced with structured grids due to reduced cell count. 4) The data locality issue This point relates to memory layout, and is a critical concern for CFD on massively parallel GPU architectures where often memory bandwidth is the limitation, as opposed to computation power. In structured meshes, data for elements that are close geometrically is also close in memory by design. As a result, less cache misses means better usage of memory bandwidth. 5) Available solution algorithms Structured data allows the use of solution algorithms that are not possible to implement on unstructured data. An example is a sweeping TDMA routine, which can be very beneficial to convergence in certain scenarios. 6) Definable normals Application of boundary conditions and turbulence models work well when there is a well-defined computational direction normal to a feature such as a wall or wake. Transverse normals are easily defined in a structured grid.

Conclusion

Historically, structured meshes were used widely and considered the 'norm'. However, unstructured meshes have become much more common due to their faster grid generation, ability to handle complex geometries and the fact that no significant grid generation experience is required. As this article has highlighted, while there are advantages to unstructured and hybrid meshing, the efficacy of structured grids make them a solid choice for computer engineers, and it seems that they are certainly here to stay – for now, at least. About Envenio Canadian-headquartered Envenio is responsible for the development of EXN/Aero, a general purpose CFD cloud solver committed to embracing the needs of the engineering community. By considering the feedback of industry experts, such as those highlighted by CFD Engine, vendors can work to transform this sector and open up new opportunities and innovation. The EXN/Aero platform includes a meshing tool, the solver, and a post-processing tool, and 1 TB of storage for your files. There is a range of on-demand options available to users, helping them to better manage project cash flow. This affordable CFD software is sure to be an asset to companies or CFD freelancers like. The company offers free trials of the product, starting with a walkthrough with an experienced engineer.