An early warning system to identify at-risk structures using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been developed. The system could be applied to infrastructure projects including roads, railways and building developments at lower cost and greater accuracy than existing techniques.
Researchers from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the University of Bath have developed a satellite-based early warning system that could spot tiny movements in bridges that indicate they could collapse.
Generation of satellites with a sophisticated algorithm
Combining data from a new generation of satellites with a sophisticated algorithm, the monitoring system could be used by governments or developers to act as a warning system ensuring large-scale infrastructure projects are safe.
The team of experts led by NASA's JPL and engineers from Bath verified the technique by reviewing 15 years of satellite imagery of the Morandi bridge in Genoa, Italy, a section of which collapsed in August 2018, killing 43 people.
The review, published in the journal 'Remote Sensing', showed that the bridge did show signs of warping in the months before the tragedy.
Dr Giorgia Giardina, lecturer in the university's Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, says: "The state of the bridge has been reported on before, but using the satellite information we can see for the first time the deformation that preceded the collapse.
"We have proved that it is possible to use this tool, specifically the combination of different data from satellites, with a mathematical model, to detect the early signs of collapse or deformation."
Current structural monitoring techniques
While current structural monitoring techniques can detect signs of movement in a bridge or building, they focus only on specific points where sensors are placed. The new technique can be used for near-real time monitoring of an entire structure.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lead author Dr Pietro Milillo says: "The technique marks an improvement over traditional methods because it allows scientists to gauge changes in ground deformation across a single infrastructure with unprecedented frequency and accuracy.
"This is about developing a new technique that can assist in the characterisation of the health of bridges and other infrastructure. We couldn't have forecasted this particular collapse because standard assessment techniques available at the time couldn't detect what we can see now.
"But going forward, this technique, combined with techniques already in use, has the potential to do a lot of good."
This is made possible by advances in satellite technology, specifically on the combined use of the Italian Space Agency's (ASI) COSMO-SkyMed constellation and the European Space Agency's (ESA's) Sentinel-1a and 1b satellites, which allows for more accurate data to be gathered.
Precise Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data
Precise Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, when gathered from multiple satellites pointed at different angles, can be used to build a 3D picture of a building, bridge or city street.
Dr Giardina adds: "Previously the satellites we tried to use for this research could create radar imagery accurate to within about a centimetre. Now we can use data that is accurate to within a millimetre - and possibly even better, if the conditions are right.
"The difference is like switching to an Ultra-HD TV - we now have the level of detail needed to monitor structures effectively.
"There is clearly the potential for this to be applied continuously on large structures. The tools for this are cheap compared to traditional monitoring and can be more extensive. Normally you need to install sensors at specific points within a building, but this method can monitor many points at one time."
The technique can also be used to monitor movement of structures when underground excavations, such as tunnel boring, are taking place.
"We monitored the displacement of buildings in London above the Crossrail route," says Dr Giardina.
"During underground projects there is often a lot of data captured at the ground level, while fewer measurements of structures are available. Our technique could provide an extra layer of information and confirm whether everything is going to plan."
Dr Giardina has already been approached by infrastructure organisations in the UK with a view to setting up monitoring of roads and rail networks.