The water on Earth might have originally been formed by chemical reactions deep within the planet’s mantle, according to research led by University College Dublin engineers. The new theory offers an alternative explanation as to how the life-giving liquid may have originated on Earth. Previously, scientists have suggested that comets that collided with the planet could have deposited large amounts of ice on Earth which later melted, forming water. The investigators carried out computer simulations which found that reactions between high-pressure and high-temperature fluid hydrogen and silicon dioxide in quartz, found in our planet’s upper mantle, can form liquid water under the right conditions. The simulations were carried out by Dr Zdenek Futera, from the School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering at University College Dublin (UCD), under the direction of Prof Niall English, who is also from the School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and the Materials, Energy and Water Simulations research group. The team at UCD also worked closely with co-author of the paper, Prof John Tse from the Department of Physics & Engineering Physics at Canada's University of Saskatchewan. The exercise tested the reaction at different temperatures and pressures typically found in the upper mantle, 40km to 400km below the surface of the earth. The simulations revealed that the silica and fluid hydrogen could form water when exposed to temperatures of just over 1400°C and at pressure 20,000 times higher than Earth’s atmospheric pressure.

Silica in Earth's crust

Silica is found in abundance above and below the surface of the earth in the form of the mineral quartz – Earth’s crust is 59 per cent silica. The engineers had expected that the water would form on the surface of the silica, but instead, they were surprised to find that the water remained trapped inside the silica, leading to a massive build up of pressure. They also believe the release of this pressure could be responsible for triggering earthquakes hundreds of kilometres below the surface of Earth. The new findings support the experiments on the same reaction between silicon dioxide and liquid hydrogen carried out by Japanese scientists in 2014. "We were initially surprised to see in-rock reactions, but we then realised that we had explained the puzzling mechanism at the base of earlier Japanese experimental work finding water formation,” said Prof English. “We concluded that these findings help to rationalise, in vivid detail, the in-mantle genesis of water. This is very exciting and in accord with very recent findings of an 'ocean's worth' of water in the Earth's mantle. "We thank Science Foundation Ireland and our collaborators at the University of Saskatchewan, and the Ireland-Canada Foundation for 'seeding' this 20-paper collaboration with Prof John Tse ten years ago," he concluded. Various studies in recent years have also suggested that vast quantities of water are stored in rocks as far as 1000km below the surface of the Earth. The findings were published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 461, 1 March 2017, Pages 54-60. The paper is entitled: 'Formation and properties of water from quartz and hydrogen at high pressure and temperature.' Watch the video below from Beyond Science for details on the 2014 discovery that vast 'ocean-like' quantities of water are located 600 miles below Earth's surface: https://youtu.be/4Dpfy3lFC9c Author: Jamie Deasy, digital journalist, UCD University Relations.