A new material developed at the University of Michigan (UM) stays liquid more than 200 degrees Fahrenheit below its expected freezing point, but a light touch can cause it to form yellow crystals that glow under ultraviolet light. Living cells sitting on a film of the liquid produce crystal footprints, proving that it is about a million times more sensitive than other known molecules that change colour in response to pressure. The material could have applications as a new kind of sensor for living cells, while the mechanism behind its unusual properties may guide the development of electronics and medicines. "As you know, water freezes around zero degrees Celsius. It changes to ice. It's as if the water remained a liquid down to -100 degrees Celsius," said Kyeongwoon Chung, UM doctoral student in materials science and engineering and first author on the paper published in ACS Central Science. Electronics manufacturers are interested in glass-like, carbon-based materials—known as amorphous, organic materials—like the one produced at UM. These materials are cheaper, easier to work with and more flexible than inorganic semiconductors such as silicon. Because they don't have a crystal structure that must be broken up, they also dissolve well in the body, which improves their effectiveness as pharmaceuticals. "We would like to understand better molecular design principles to control the crystallisation tendency of organic molecules," said Jinsang Kim, UM associate professor of materials science and engineering, whose group discovered the unusual molecule. "Most organic materials have a strong driving force to crystallise, but they don't always form the same quality crystal, making quality control difficult." The team investigated a family of organic molecules widely used in pigments and electronic devices like solar cells, LEDs and transistors looking for ways to streamline the production of their amorphous forms. These molecules can be described as a rigid core flanked by two flexible side chains. If the chains are short, the core molecules drive crystallisation, but if they are long, the chains interact to form a different kind of crystal. The UM team found that by varying the lengths of the side chains, they could cause a stalemate between two modes of crystallisation. "We found that the core unit and side chains are working in opposite directions," said Kim, who is also an associate professor of chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, macromolecular science and engineering, and chemistry. As a result, the molecule remained liquid even when cooled below its melting temperature of 273 degrees Fahrenheit. Typically, this would also be the material's freezing point. Instead, the molecules stay in a stable, 'supercooled' liquid state down to 41 degrees Fahrenheit, at which point the molecules solidify into a glass. In addition to the unusually broad temperature range for the super-cooled liquid state, the group found that it crystallised when rubbed with a stylus, changing from dark red to bright yellow. The rubbing broke the stalemate between the two ways for the molecules to connect, allowing the side chains to link up. At high temperatures around 212 degrees Fahrenheit, when the molecules moved freely, just a touch could make the entire film or droplet crystallise. "It's like a domino effect," Kim said. But at room temperature, the thicker supercooled liquid crystallised only where the stylus made contact, allowing Chung to scrawl messages such as "shear-triggered crystal" or a secret note to his wife. Kim's group is pursuing using this molecule in biosensors, which might reveal characteristics of cells for medical diagnosis. The ability to write and erase luminescent information also suggests the potential for use in a memory that encodes information with light rather than magnetism. Such 'optical memory' would require much more development. Journal Reference: Kyeongwoon Chung, Min Sang Kwon, Brendan M. Leung, Antek G. Wong-Foy, Min Su Kim, Jeongyong Kim, Shuichi Takayama, Johannes Gierschner, Adam J. Matzger, Jinsang Kim. Shear-Triggered Crystallization and Light Emission of a Thermally Stable Organic Supercooled Liquid. ACS Central Science, 2015; 150513072837007 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00091