A colour-coded smart tag could tell consumers whether a carton of milk has turned sour or a can of beans has spoiled without opening the containers, according to new research. The tag, which would appear on the packaging, also could be used to determine if medications and other perishable products were still active or fresh, they said. “This tag, which has a gel-like consistency, is really inexpensive and safe and can be widely programmed to mimic almost all ambient-temperature deterioration processes in foods,” said Chao Zhang, PhD, the lead researcher of the study. Use of the tags could potentially solve the problem of knowing how fresh packaged, perishable foods remain over time, he added. A real advantage, Zhang said, is that even when manufacturers, grocery-store owners and consumers do not know if the food has been unduly exposed to higher temperatures, which could cause unexpected spoilage, “the tag still gives a reliable indication of the quality of the product”. The tags, which are about the size of a kernel of corn, would appear in various colour codes on packaging. “In our configuration, red, or reddish orange, would mean fresh,” explained Zhang, who is at Peking University in Beijing, China. “Over time, the tag changes its colour to orange, yellow and later green, which indicates the food is spoiled.” The colours signify a range between 100 per cent fresh and 100 per cent spoiled. For example, if the label says that the product should remain fresh for 14 days under refrigeration, but the tag is now orange, it means that the product is only roughly half as fresh. In that case, the consumer would know the product is edible for only another seven days if kept refrigerated, he explained. The researchers developed and tested the tags using E. coli in milk as a reference model. “We successfully synchronized, at multiple temperatures, the chemical evolution process in the smart tag with microbial growth processes in the milk,” according to Zhang. The tags could also be customised for a variety of other foods and beverages. METALLIC NANORODS The tags contain tiny metallic nanorods that, at different stages and phases, can have a variety of colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet, Zhang explained. “The gold nanorods we used are inherently red, which dictates the initial tag colour,” he said. “Silver chloride and vitamin C are also in the tags, reacting slowly and controllably. "Over time, the metallic silver gradually deposits on each gold nanorod, forming a silver shell layer. That changes the particle's chemical composition and shape, so the tag colour now would be different. Therefore, as the silver layer thickens over time, the tag colour evolves from the initial red to orange, yellow, and green, and even blue and violet.” Although the nanorods are made of gold and silver, a tag would still be very inexpensive and all the chemicals in the tiny tag cost much less than one US cent. “In addition, all of the reagents in the tags are nontoxic and some of them [such as vitamin C, acetic acid, lactic acid and agar] are even edible,” he explained. This technique has been patented in China, and some preliminary results have been published in ACS Nano, Zhang said. He added that the next step is to contact manufacturers and explain how the tag would be useful for them and their customers. The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,Hong Kong Research Grants Council and National Basic Research Program of China. This report on the colour-changing food deterioration tags was presented as part of the 247th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world’s largest scientific society, in March. To see a video illustrating how the tag works, click below. http://youtu.be/y-Fpj9bdht4