Material characterisation approach can pinpoint cement setting times, could lead to more environmentally friendly cement.
Bind new and old concrete surfaces
Researchers have developed a non-destructive and non-invasive optical technique that can determine the setting times for various types of cement paste, which is used to bind new and old concrete surfaces. The new method could aid in the development of optimised types of cement with less impact on the environment.
"Our non-invasive optical method characterises and determines the setting time of cement, which is a very important parameter for the construction industry," says José Ortiz-Lozano, a member of the research team from Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Tecnológico Nacional de México and Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, in Mexico.
"It can also precisely assess the cement hydration process in real-time. This information is crucial for both the study of physical chemistry and the quantitative characterisation of the nanomechanical properties of cement-based materials."
In the Optical Society's (OSA) journal 'Applied Optics', the researchers describe the new method, which combines laser-based technology with an optical model to calculate the dynamic behaviour of the cement paste.
The researchers show that their approach can accurately calculate both the initial setting time - the time available for mixing the cement and placing it in position - and the final setting time, when the cement reaches its full strength.
"Our group is trying to enhance the performance of cement-based materials, such as cement pastes, mortars and concrete," says Ortiz-Lozano.
"New material characterisation methods, such as the one we report here, can be used to improve the behaviour and performance of cement by optimising its constituents. This could lead to new types of cement that use less water and raw materials like limestone and clay, which would make them more environmentally friendly."
Studying cement with light
Although a variety of techniques exist to study the dynamics of setting cement, they come with various drawbacks such as being destructive, invasive or influenced by human factors.
The new method uses the optical properties of cement paste to directly calculate the initial and final cement setting time by measuring the diffuse light that reflects off the cement.
As the cement sets, the diffuse light reflection changes as it reacts with water and the spaces between the cement particles change. The amount of water present and the protective surface layer at each setting stage also influence the diffuse reflection properties.
The researchers combined the diffuse reflection measurements with the Kubelka-Munk model, which is used to describe diffuse reflection of opaque samples.
"This new optical method was developed using tools, components and materials common among the optical industry," says Ortiz-Lozano.
Cement quality control laboratories
"It would be, therefore, quite simple and economic to implement in cement quality control laboratories. It can be applied to any type of cement once the appropriate calibration is performed with the Kubelka-Munk model."
The researchers applied the new technique to six cement samples and found that the results for all the samples were repeatable and agreed well with measurement techniques commonly used today.
"This laser-based technique gives continuous and accurate assessment of cement hydration process with high repeatability and reproducibility, showing its potential for studying the physical chemistry properties of cement," says Ortiz-Lozano.
Next, the researchers plan to acquire more data using more types of cement, mortars, concretes as well as additional water to cement ratios and cement pastes that contain chemical and/or mineral admixtures. They are also planning to perform the work required to normalise the method as a standard.