It may seem intuitive that golfers with knee osteoarthritis should stay off their feet and ride in a golf cart. But new research has found, for the first time, that walking the course provides significantly higher health benefits and is not associated with increased pain, cartilage breakdown or inflammation.
From presidents to retirees, more than 17 million people over the age of 50 golf regularly. Knee osteoarthritis, which causes swelling, pain and difficulty moving the joint, is one of the leading causes of disability in this age group.
Significantly higher health benefits
It may seem intuitive that golfers with knee osteoarthritis should stay off their feet and ride in a golf cart. But new research from the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab and Northwestern Medicine has found, for the first time, that walking the course provides significantly higher health benefits and is not associated with increased pain, cartilage breakdown or inflammation.
This study is the first comparing the health benefits of walking the golf course versus using a cart, as well as the first to use a blood-based biomarker analysis in knee osteoarthritis during a prolonged sporting event. The findings were presented last month at the
Osteoarthritis Research Society International Annual Meeting in Liverpool, England.
The health benefits of golf have decreased as the number of people who ride the course has increased over the past 20 years. In the late 1980s, 45 per cent of all rounds of golf were played with a golf cart. By 2006, 69 per cent of rounds were played with a cart. During this same time period, activity has decreased among Americans, while obesity has increased.
"Individuals with knee osteoarthritis are often concerned about pain and may be more likely to use a golf cart," said lead study author Dr Prakash Jayabalan, a physician scientist at the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab and an assistant professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Sophisticated blood-based biomarker analysis
"However, through sophisticated blood-based biomarker analysis, this study has shown that golfers with knee osteoarthritis do not need to be concerned about worsening their disease through walking the course. In fact, walking provides the best health benefit," Jayabalan said.
The study, completed in partnership with the Glenview Park District Golf Course in Glenview, Illinois, involved 15 participants - 10 who had knee osteoarthritis and five who were of similar age but did not have the disease.
Participants played 18 holes (one round of golf) walking the course and, on a separate day, the same individuals played a round riding a golf cart. The research team compared their heart rates to determine the intensity of exercise performed and took blood samples during each round to measure markers of cartilage stress and inflammation.
The researchers found that, prior to starting either round, the golfers with knee osteoarthritis had an average pain score of 1.3 (on a scale of 0-10). When they played the round walking the course, they had an average 2.1-point increase in pain score. When they played the round using the golf cart, they experienced on average a 1.5-point increase, a difference that is not clinically significant.
Cartilage stress and inflammation
The research team also measured blood-based biomarkers of cartilage stress and inflammation. Although both methods of transportation caused an increase in these markers (as would be expected with regular walking), there was no difference between the rounds.
When walking the course, golfers with knee osteoarthritis spent more than 60 per cent of the round with heart rates in the moderate intensity heart rate zone. When driving on a cart, golfers spent 30 per cent of the round in this range. While this figure is lower, it still fulfils daily exercise recommendations.
Although walking the course offers the most significant health benefits, the study found that riding the course with a golf cart during a round - and the requisite moderate walking that comes with it - still offers cardiovascular benefits and helps fulfil daily exercise guidelines.
"Bottom line: walking the course is significantly better than using a golf cart, but using a golf cart is still better than not exercising at all," said Jayabalan.